Featured species:  those @#%$$%@#$&^!! geese again! 

Large, high-altitude flocks of Canada Geese are passing through over the next half-month.  These are mostly the Northern subspecies of the Canada Goose, Branta Canadensis interior (see Late October for a discussion of Goose subspecies). 

Unlike our Giant subspecies, these birds have declined in population, only recently stabilizing at a fairly low level (roughly 100,000 birds).  This has been mirrored by a rise in the population of Giants, and may be caused in part by increasing numbers of Giants flying up to James Bay to moult, and competing with the nesting Northerns and their goslings for scarce food.  This has been exacerbated by the destruction of salt marsh habitat by large numbers of Snow Geese, on the increase because of heightened food production in the U.S. Midwest.  Everything is connected.

Other happenings:

• Bank and Cliff Swallows may have joined the Tree Swallows in competition for all those midges.

• Other late April arrivals include Broad-winged hawks, Chimney Swifts and Eastern Towhee, while many of the diving ducks are departing for northern breeding grounds (Common Goldeneye, Ring-necked Duck, Bufflehead, Common Merganser).

• Both Woodcock and Wilson’s (or Common) Snipe males are putting on their dramatic flight displays.  Here’s a good video of Woodcock on the ground, and one of the Snipe flight with a bit of the winnowing sound created by the tail feathers.  Woodcock flight sounds are here (scroll down), along with an aerial display.

• Any dragonflies that you are likely to see will be migrant Common Green Darners, pushed north on warm southern winds (if any...). 

• Turtles and Eastern Garter Snakes emerge from their winter sleep.  Male snakes are first on the scene, waiting for receptive females.  When one appears, males fall on her in a writhing mass, but only one lucky male gets to impregnate her, leaving behind a plug of gelatine in her vent.

• In a normal year, Leopard and Pickerel (a bit later) Frogs join the amphibian chorus in nearby ponds and wetlands.  Keep an ear out.

• Northern Pike move into weedy shallows and flooded marshes to spawn (at 4 – 11^oC), followed soon after by Muskellunge (9 – 15^oC).  Both fish are easily visible by foot or canoe.

• When the thermometer breaks 15^oC, keep an eye out for butterflies that have over wintered as adults, including the Mourning Cloak, Eastern Comma and Compton Tortoiseshell.  With very few flowers available, these insects are attracted by tree sap, which is often provided by fresh sapsucker holes (scroll down). 

• Other flowers are joining Coltsfoot and Marsh Marigold in bloom, including Bloodroot, Spring Beauty, hepaticas, Blue Cohosh (a bit later) and Dutchman’s Breeches (also a bit later).  Look for violets in gardens and early Common Dandelions.  

• Just as they were the last to drop their leaves, city-bred, non-native trees are often the first to leaf out.  Check the buds on Norway Maples and other introduced species.  Among natives, Red-berried Elder is among the first to leaf. 

• Farmers are out in the fields, and if conditions are dry enough, will begin to plant hard corn, oats and spring wheat by the end of the month.                                                        
• Maple syrup production has been about average so far in Ontario, and New Brunswick looks promising.  A colder spring has delayed or extended the season in most areas, while Nova Scotians are struggling to produce after February’s ice storm.  Get the latest production report for Ontario here.

• Through mid-April, Monarch Butterflies are steadily approaching, the Mason-Dixon Line.  These are mostly the butterflies that overwintered in Mexico, and are now laying eggs on fresh Milkweed plants.  It’s the next generation that will push its way north to us.  Get ready to report your sightings later this spring.                                                                                                                                                                                     
• This year, as of mid April, most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are still holding below the Mason-Dixon Line, but a few intrepid birds are creeping north, with one reported from northeastern Indiana, and a couple in New England! (What were they thinking?) They generally arrive in southern Canada in early to mid-May (but occasionally in late April), so keep your eyes peeled and your feeders ready.  You can also learn more about how hummingbirds feed on both nectar and insects.                                                                                                           

• Remember, the Lyrids meteor shower can be seen peaking to the northeast before dawn on April 22nd.  It has been observed for over 2600 years, but is generally weak (10-20 meteors/hour), with occasional years of higher frequencies.  The locus, or radiant (scroll down) for this shower is between the star Vega and the constellation Hercules, and points back toward the constellation Lyra.  This shower is caused by the debris trail of the comet Thatcher, and is best viewed after midnight and before sunrise from the 16th through the 25th.  However, you can often see the odd Lyrid meteor before midnight.  The comet was named in 1861, but won’t return until 2276.                                                                                                    

• Through late April, Mercury approaches the Pleiades soon after sunset, while the crescent moon ambles by Saturn, Mars, Venus and Jupiter during the mornings of April 24-27 (scroll down).